FETAL GROWTH IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER

During the second trimester of pregnancy, which spans from weeks 14 to 28, the fetus undergoes significant growth and development. Here are some key fetal development milestones during this period:

• Formation of Bones and Skeleton: By the end of the second trimester, the fetus's bones begin to harden, and a skeleton starts to form. Initially, the bones are soft and pliable, but they gradually ossify over time.

• Development of Facial Features: Facial features become more defined during the second trimester. The eyes, nose, mouth, and ears become more prominent, and the fetus may even begin to make facial expressions.

• Fetal Movement: Around the middle of the second trimester, typically between weeks 16 and 20, the pregnant person may start to feel fetal movements, known as quickening. These movements initially feel like fluttering or gentle taps and become more pronounced as the fetus grows.

• Growth of Hair and Nails: Fine hair called lanugo begins to cover the fetus's body to help regulate body temperature. Additionally, the fingernails and toenails start to develop and may need trimming shortly after birth.

• Development of Vernix Caseosa: A protective substance called vernix caseosa forms on the fetus's skin during the second trimester. This waxy coating helps protect the delicate skin from amniotic fluid and facilitates passage through the birth canal during delivery.

• Formation of Taste Buds and Sensory Organs: Taste buds develop on the fetus's tongue, and the sensory organs, including the eyes and ears, continue to mature. The fetus may start to respond to external stimuli, such as light and sound.

• Sexual Differentiation: By the end of the second trimester, the external genitalia become more distinguishable, allowing for the identification of the fetus's sex during ultrasound examinations.

• Growth of Organs and Systems: Organs and systems continue to develop and mature during the second trimester. The digestive system begins to produce meconium, the newborn’s first bowel movement, while the respiratory system begins to produce surfactant, a substance that helps the lungs expand and function after birth.

These milestones represent just a few of the many changes and developments that occur in the fetus during the second trimester of pregnancy. Each week brings new growth and progress as the baby prepares for life outside the womb.

Sources:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Prenatal Development: How Your Baby Grows During Pregnancy.

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