COMPLICATIONS: PREECLAMPSIA
What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that typically occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the liver and kidneys. It can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated. While the exact cause of preeclampsia is still not fully understood, it is believed to involve problems with the placenta.
Symptoms of Preeclampsia
Identifying preeclampsia early is crucial for effective management. Some common symptoms include:
High Blood Pressure: A significant increase in blood pressure is a hallmark of preeclampsia. Blood pressure readings consistently above 140/90 mm Hg may indicate preeclampsia.
Proteinuria: This refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine, which can be detected through a simple urine test. It is a sign that the kidneys are not functioning properly, often due to damage caused by preeclampsia.
Swelling: While some swelling, especially in the feet and ankles, is common during pregnancy, sudden or severe swelling, particularly in the hands and face, can be a sign of preeclampsia.
Headaches: Persistent headaches, especially when accompanied by visual disturbances such as blurry vision or seeing spots, can be indicative of preeclampsia.
Abdominal Pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen, just below the ribs, may signal liver involvement and should be promptly evaluated.
Risks Associated with Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia poses risks not only to the mother but also to the developing baby. Some potential complications include:
Premature Birth: Preeclampsia may necessitate early delivery to protect the health of the mother and baby, increasing the risk of preterm birth.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): Preeclampsia can impair blood flow to the placenta, restricting the baby's growth and development in the womb.
Placental Abruption: In severe cases, preeclampsia can cause the placenta to detach from the uterine wall prematurely, depriving the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
Eclampsia: This is a rare but serious complication of preeclampsia characterized by seizures. It requires immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.
Management of Preeclampsia
Early detection and management of preeclampsia are essential for reducing the risk of complications. Treatment may involve:
Close Monitoring: Regular prenatal check-ups to monitor blood pressure, urine protein levels, and overall health are crucial for early detection and intervention.
Medication: Depending on the severity of the condition, healthcare providers may prescribe medications to lower blood pressure and prevent seizures.
Bed Rest: In some cases, especially if preeclampsia is diagnosed early, healthcare providers may recommend bed rest or reduced activity to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Hospitalization: Severe cases of preeclampsia may require hospitalization for closer monitoring and management, including intravenous medications and monitoring of the baby's well-being.
Delivery: In cases of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, delivery may be necessary to protect the health of both the mother and the baby, even if it means premature birth.
Pregnant individuals should be vigilant about monitoring their health and promptly report any concerning symptoms to their healthcare providers. With proper medical care and support, most cases of preeclampsia can be managed effectively, ensuring the best possible outcome for mother and baby alike.
Sources:
Mayo Clinic. (2022). Preeclampsia. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Hypertension in Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/hypertension-in-pregnancy
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